Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Monday, February 6, 2012
Leech Neurophysiology Lab
In Anatomy at the beginning of the quarter our class participated in a leech dissection. Don't worry! No leeches were actually harmed in this little activity- it was virtual! This lab was all about neurophysiology. Our goal was to record the different electrical activities of neurons while we performed mechanical stimulus to the attached skin. We also injected dye into the neurons to help us identify them.
Materials:
Materials:
- Feather
- Probe
- Forceps
- Scissors
- Pins
- Scalpel
- Dissection Tray
- Leech Tank
- 20% Ethanol
- Leech Tongs
- Dissection Microscope
- Micromanipulator
- Oscilloscope
- Leech
Procedures:
Step 1- Use the 20% Ethanol to anesthetized the leech.
Step 2- Pin the dorsal side of the leech up so that it is stretched open.
Step 3- Use the scissors to make a mid-line cut.
Step 4- Use the forceps and pins to pull and pin back the skin of the leech so that the insides are visible.
Step 5- Gently remove the internal structures so that the nerve cord is exposed.
Step 6- Notice the swellings on the sinus which contains the segmental ganglia of the nervous system. Cut a small piece in the body wall located underneath the ganglion.
Step 7- Make two parallel cuts across the leech and turn it anterior side up and pin it down.
Step 8- Cut sinus with a scalpel andd use the forceps to move things around until the ganglion.
Step 9- Take it and insect it under a microscope.
Step 10- Take the electrode over the ganglion and stimulate the process of penetrating the cell.
Step 11- Look at the oscilloscope to see if you found a cell.
Step 12- Use the feather, probe, and forceps and watch how the cell responds.
Step 13- Use the data that you have gathered and compare it to the atlas.
Step 14- Dye the cell then use the UV Switch so that you can see the cell structure.
Step 15- Use all the neuroanatomical and the electrophysical data to identify the cell. Once identified repeat steps 10-15 untill you have identified all 5 cells.
Conclusion:
Once I identified all of the different types of cells in the cyber lab, a picture popped up and it showed where each type of cell could be found. I know know where the cells are placed in the ganglion. I also learned that each of the different cells reacts differently to the different stimuli like the feather, probe, and forceps. It all goes to show that even the smallest things in our bodies play a major part in the way we funtion.
Step 9- Take it and insect it under a microscope.
Step 10- Take the electrode over the ganglion and stimulate the process of penetrating the cell.
Step 11- Look at the oscilloscope to see if you found a cell.
Step 12- Use the feather, probe, and forceps and watch how the cell responds.
Step 13- Use the data that you have gathered and compare it to the atlas.
Step 14- Dye the cell then use the UV Switch so that you can see the cell structure.
Step 15- Use all the neuroanatomical and the electrophysical data to identify the cell. Once identified repeat steps 10-15 untill you have identified all 5 cells.
Conclusion:
Once I identified all of the different types of cells in the cyber lab, a picture popped up and it showed where each type of cell could be found. I know know where the cells are placed in the ganglion. I also learned that each of the different cells reacts differently to the different stimuli like the feather, probe, and forceps. It all goes to show that even the smallest things in our bodies play a major part in the way we funtion.
Wednesday, December 21, 2011
Histology- Part II
Here is part two of my Histology posts. This post does not contain information on epithelial tissue but if you would like to know more about that you can see my other post- http://sidneysanatomyblog.blogspot.com/2011/12/one-huge-glog.html
ENJOY!
ENJOY!
Tuesday, December 20, 2011
Monday, December 19, 2011
Muscle Anatomy Wrapped Up In A Poster!
The anatomy class is now studying the muscle system! We divided the muscle system into 3 different sections- muscle anatomy, sliding filament model, and neuromuscular junction. Katrina, Sierra, and myself decided to study and present muscle anatomy. We as a group made a poster to show what we have learned about the muscle anatomy and to help others learn as well.
It is hard to see it all in one picture so we have broken it down a little bit.
This picture of our poster shows you a better view of the muscle belly. This is the main part of the muscle. If you were to look at a muscle such as the bicep this is a sketch of what the muscle anatomy would look like. This contains the rest of the parts that we have extended for you to see.
Next, you see an extension of one of the fasciculus, located in the muscle belly. we continued to extend these fasciculuses until we were left with one contractible unit called the myrofibril.
Lucky for you, we got even more detailed! This part of the poster shows you a more detailed sketch of the contractible bands of the muscle.
I hope that our poster helped better your understanding about muscles.
Thanks for reading!
Friday, December 2, 2011
All You Need to Know (And More!) About Skin
Skin, skin, skin, skin, skin! Its' amazing! Not only is it strong and flexible but it's also waterproof and able to cover our bodies smoothly. Judging by weight, skin is also the largest organ of the body. Do you know what else it is called? The integumentary system!
The integumentary system (our skin) is very versital and also nessesary to mantaining homeostasis. It is the house for many sensory receptors and immune system cells. Our skin synthesizes various chemicals, like vitamin D, and excretes small amounts of waste.
Our skin is split up into three layers or regions. We have the epidermis, the dermis, and the hypodermis.
THE EPIDERMIS
-The epidermis is the outer layer. It lacks blood vessels because it is solely composed of stratified squamous epithelium. The epidermis is made up of four different types of cells and about 5 layers. These four cell types are keratinocytes (produce keratin), melanocytes (produce melanin), Langerhans' cells(help to activate immune system), and Merkel cells(function as receptors).
The outermost layer of the epidermis is stratum corneum. It is composed of many layers of keratinized, flattened, and dead epithelial cells. These cells have no nucleus.
The next layer, stratum lucidum, is found beneath the stratum corneum on the soles of your feet and the palms of your hands. the cells here appear to be clear. The nucleus, organelles, and cell membrane are not visible.
Underneath the stratum corneum and sometimes the stratum lucidum is the stratum granulosum. it is made up of 3-5 layers of granular cells that are flattened. They contain shrunken fibers of keratin and shriveled nuclei.
Next comes the stratum spinosum which lies under the stratum granulosum. This layer consists of many layers of cells with large, ovular nuclei located in their center. They have developing keratin fibers and are becoming flattened.
The deepest layer is stratum basal or the basal cell layer. Here there is a single row of either cuboidal or columnar cells. They divide and grow. Also in this layer there are melanocytes.
DID YOU KNOW. . . Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease in which cells in the epidermis divide 7x more frequently than normal. Five million people in the U.S. and 2% of people world wide have this disease.
THE DERMIS
-The dermis is the second layer of the skin. It is what binds the epidermis to all of the underlying tissue. This layer is mostly made up of dense and irregular connective tissue that includes collagenous and elastic fibers. The networks of these certain fibers give our skin its toughness and elasticity. This provides the ability to stretch and helps resist against distortion such as sagging and wrinkles.The dermis is an average of 1-2 mm think but vary at the eyelids or the soles of feet.
There are different cell types in the dermis, including fibroblasts, macrophages, and the occcasional mast cells and white blood cells. The Dermis is split into to individual layers.
The Papillary layer! This layer of the dermis is make of areolar connective tissue. The surface of this layer comes with peglike projections that are called dermal papillae. These little dermal papillae contain capillary loops, Meissner's corpuscles, and free nerve endings.
The second layer of the dermis is called the reticular layer. This layer is particularly special because it makes up approximately 80% of the thickness of the skin. The collegen fibers located here provide strength and the elastin fibers provide stretching and recoiling.
THE HYPODERMIS
-The hypodermis is the third layer of the skin and also to deepest. This layer is mainly composed of adipose and areolar connective tissue.
SKIN COLOR
- We as humans come in many different colors. Three pigments in our skin contribute to this vast range of color that we have.
Melanin is a pigment that ranges from yellow to reddish-brown to black. This is the pigment responsible for darker skin colors. We get freckles and pigmented moles as a result of an accumulation of melanin in one spot.
We have a pigment that ranges from yellow to orange called carotene. This pigment is most obvious on the soles of our feet and the palms of our hands.
Hemoglobin! This is the pigment responsible for the pinkish hue of the skin.
SWEAT GLANDS
- So you might not like it when you sweat or have those embarrassing pit stains but the truth is that sweating is healthy for you. Sweating is a function that your body does to keep you from overheating. But, of course its not just that simple. We have different types of sweat glands.
On the soles of our feet, the palms of our hands, and our forehead we have a type of sweat gland called eccrine sweat glands.
There are apocrine sweat glands found in the axillary and anogenital areas.
The ceruminous glands are a type of apocrine gland in the external ear canal.
Mammary glands are a very special type of sweat gland that secrete milk.
Our bodies also have a special type of gland called sebaceous glands. These are a bunch of alveolar glands found all over the body. They are stimulated by hormones and soften the skin. These glands create an oily secretion called sebum.
HAIR!
-Hair is filamentous strands of dead kerantinized cells produced by the hair follicles. The keratin in the hair is called hard keratin and is much more durable that the soft keratin that we find in the skin. Our hair is pigmented by the melanocytes found at the base of the hair.
Our Hair has different functions including:
-maintaining warmth
-alerting the body if there are insects on the skin (nasty!)
-helping guard scalp against physical trauma and sunlight
A hair follicle is a root sheath that extends from the epidermal surface and into the dermis. There is a knot of sensory nerve endings that wrap around each hair bulb. Because of this, our hair acts a sensitive touch receptors.
SKIN CANCER
-With skin, like all good things, there also comes complications and problems. Skin cancer is one of the bad things that can happen to our skin. There are three major types of different skin cancer.
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer with over one million people in the U.S. being diagnosed with it every year. Stratum basal cells invade the hypodermis and the dermis. These cells usually stay together and do not spread. This type of skin cancer can be cured by surgical excision 99% of the time.
Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that comes from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum. It is the second most common type of skin cancer. This type of skin cancer grows rapidly. Luckily the prognosis is pretty good if treated by radiation therapy of removed surgically.
Melonoma is the worse skin cancer to be diagnosed with. Malanoma originates in the melanocytes. It is highly merastatic, which means is spreads easily. This type of skin cancer is also resistant to chemotherapy.
BURNS
A first-degree burn is when only the epidermis is damages. This can cause redness, swelling, and pain at the location of the burn.
Second-degree burns happen when both the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis are damaged. With this type of burn redness, swelling, and pain might occur as well, but this burn often blisters.
The entire thickness of the skin is damaged in a third-degree burn. at this point when the subject initially gets burned they cannot feel pain because the nerve endings are all destroyed. The burned area may appear cherry red, gray, or black.
There is a certain point where burns are considered critical.
-If over 25% of the body is covered with second-degree burns
-If over 10% of the body is covered with third-degree burns
-If there are third degree burns on the face, hands, or feet
Well, I hope I have been able to tell you a little more about the integumentary system. Thanks for reading!
The integumentary system (our skin) is very versital and also nessesary to mantaining homeostasis. It is the house for many sensory receptors and immune system cells. Our skin synthesizes various chemicals, like vitamin D, and excretes small amounts of waste.
Our skin is split up into three layers or regions. We have the epidermis, the dermis, and the hypodermis.
THE EPIDERMIS
-The epidermis is the outer layer. It lacks blood vessels because it is solely composed of stratified squamous epithelium. The epidermis is made up of four different types of cells and about 5 layers. These four cell types are keratinocytes (produce keratin), melanocytes (produce melanin), Langerhans' cells(help to activate immune system), and Merkel cells(function as receptors).
The outermost layer of the epidermis is stratum corneum. It is composed of many layers of keratinized, flattened, and dead epithelial cells. These cells have no nucleus.
The next layer, stratum lucidum, is found beneath the stratum corneum on the soles of your feet and the palms of your hands. the cells here appear to be clear. The nucleus, organelles, and cell membrane are not visible.
Underneath the stratum corneum and sometimes the stratum lucidum is the stratum granulosum. it is made up of 3-5 layers of granular cells that are flattened. They contain shrunken fibers of keratin and shriveled nuclei.
Next comes the stratum spinosum which lies under the stratum granulosum. This layer consists of many layers of cells with large, ovular nuclei located in their center. They have developing keratin fibers and are becoming flattened.
The deepest layer is stratum basal or the basal cell layer. Here there is a single row of either cuboidal or columnar cells. They divide and grow. Also in this layer there are melanocytes.
DID YOU KNOW. . . Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease in which cells in the epidermis divide 7x more frequently than normal. Five million people in the U.S. and 2% of people world wide have this disease.
THE DERMIS
-The dermis is the second layer of the skin. It is what binds the epidermis to all of the underlying tissue. This layer is mostly made up of dense and irregular connective tissue that includes collagenous and elastic fibers. The networks of these certain fibers give our skin its toughness and elasticity. This provides the ability to stretch and helps resist against distortion such as sagging and wrinkles.The dermis is an average of 1-2 mm think but vary at the eyelids or the soles of feet.
The Papillary layer! This layer of the dermis is make of areolar connective tissue. The surface of this layer comes with peglike projections that are called dermal papillae. These little dermal papillae contain capillary loops, Meissner's corpuscles, and free nerve endings.
The second layer of the dermis is called the reticular layer. This layer is particularly special because it makes up approximately 80% of the thickness of the skin. The collegen fibers located here provide strength and the elastin fibers provide stretching and recoiling.
THE HYPODERMIS
-The hypodermis is the third layer of the skin and also to deepest. This layer is mainly composed of adipose and areolar connective tissue.
SKIN COLOR
- We as humans come in many different colors. Three pigments in our skin contribute to this vast range of color that we have.
Melanin is a pigment that ranges from yellow to reddish-brown to black. This is the pigment responsible for darker skin colors. We get freckles and pigmented moles as a result of an accumulation of melanin in one spot.
We have a pigment that ranges from yellow to orange called carotene. This pigment is most obvious on the soles of our feet and the palms of our hands.
Hemoglobin! This is the pigment responsible for the pinkish hue of the skin.
SWEAT GLANDS
- So you might not like it when you sweat or have those embarrassing pit stains but the truth is that sweating is healthy for you. Sweating is a function that your body does to keep you from overheating. But, of course its not just that simple. We have different types of sweat glands.
On the soles of our feet, the palms of our hands, and our forehead we have a type of sweat gland called eccrine sweat glands.
There are apocrine sweat glands found in the axillary and anogenital areas.
The ceruminous glands are a type of apocrine gland in the external ear canal.
Mammary glands are a very special type of sweat gland that secrete milk.
Our bodies also have a special type of gland called sebaceous glands. These are a bunch of alveolar glands found all over the body. They are stimulated by hormones and soften the skin. These glands create an oily secretion called sebum.
HAIR!
Our Hair has different functions including:
-maintaining warmth
-alerting the body if there are insects on the skin (nasty!)
-helping guard scalp against physical trauma and sunlight
A hair follicle is a root sheath that extends from the epidermal surface and into the dermis. There is a knot of sensory nerve endings that wrap around each hair bulb. Because of this, our hair acts a sensitive touch receptors.
SKIN CANCER
-With skin, like all good things, there also comes complications and problems. Skin cancer is one of the bad things that can happen to our skin. There are three major types of different skin cancer.
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer with over one million people in the U.S. being diagnosed with it every year. Stratum basal cells invade the hypodermis and the dermis. These cells usually stay together and do not spread. This type of skin cancer can be cured by surgical excision 99% of the time.
Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that comes from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum. It is the second most common type of skin cancer. This type of skin cancer grows rapidly. Luckily the prognosis is pretty good if treated by radiation therapy of removed surgically.
Melonoma is the worse skin cancer to be diagnosed with. Malanoma originates in the melanocytes. It is highly merastatic, which means is spreads easily. This type of skin cancer is also resistant to chemotherapy.
BURNS
A first-degree burn is when only the epidermis is damages. This can cause redness, swelling, and pain at the location of the burn.
Second-degree burns happen when both the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis are damaged. With this type of burn redness, swelling, and pain might occur as well, but this burn often blisters.
The entire thickness of the skin is damaged in a third-degree burn. at this point when the subject initially gets burned they cannot feel pain because the nerve endings are all destroyed. The burned area may appear cherry red, gray, or black.
There is a certain point where burns are considered critical.
-If over 25% of the body is covered with second-degree burns
-If over 10% of the body is covered with third-degree burns
-If there are third degree burns on the face, hands, or feet
Well, I hope I have been able to tell you a little more about the integumentary system. Thanks for reading!
Wednesday, November 23, 2011
Organization of the Body- Part II
Body Cavities
Our bodies are divided up into many different cavities. The two major cavities are the dorsal and ventral cavities.
Dorsal Cavity- The dorsal cavity is used to protect the nervous system. The dorsal cavity is slit into two different cavities.
Cranial Cavity- The cranial cavity lies within the dorsal cavity and encases the brain.
Vertebral Cavity- The vertebral cavity is also within the dorsal cavity and it surrounds the spinal cord.
Ventral Cavity- The ventral cavity acts as the house for the internal organs. It is split into two different subdivisions: The thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.
Thoracic Cavity- The thoracic cavity is divided into two pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity.
~Pleural Cavities- Each of the pleural cavities contain a lung.
~The Mediastinum- The mediastinum surrounds the pericardial cavity and the rest or the organs in the thoracic cavity.
~Pericardial Cavity- The pericardial cavity encases the heart.
Abdominopelvic Cavity- The abdominopelvic cavity is inferior to the thoracic cavity. They are separated by the diaphragm. The abdominopelvic cavity is also made up of subdivisions.
~Abdominal Cavity- The abdominal cavity is superior to the pelvic cavity and contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and some other organs.
~Pelvic Cavity- The pelvic cavity is within the pelvis and includes the bladder, reproductive organs, and the rectum.
Other Cavities
Oral Cavity- The oral cavity contains the teeth and the tongue.
Nasal Cavity- The nasal cavity is located in the posterior of the nose and are divided into right and left portions.
Orbital Cavity- The orbital cavity acts as the house of the eyes and contains the associated skeletal muscles and nerves.
Middle Ear Cavities- The middle ear cavities contain the ossicles (or small bones) that transmit sound vibrations.
Synovial- The synovial contains joint cavities.
Cavity Membranes
There are three different ventral body cavity membranes. Parietal serosa is the membrane that kines internal body walls. Visceral serosa is used to cover the internal organs. Serous fluid separates the two serosae.
Abdominopelvic Regions
Our bodies are divided into 9 different abdominopelvic regions:
Our bodies are divided up into many different cavities. The two major cavities are the dorsal and ventral cavities.
Dorsal Cavity- The dorsal cavity is used to protect the nervous system. The dorsal cavity is slit into two different cavities.
Cranial Cavity- The cranial cavity lies within the dorsal cavity and encases the brain.
Ventral Cavity- The ventral cavity acts as the house for the internal organs. It is split into two different subdivisions: The thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.
Thoracic Cavity- The thoracic cavity is divided into two pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity.
~Pleural Cavities- Each of the pleural cavities contain a lung.
~The Mediastinum- The mediastinum surrounds the pericardial cavity and the rest or the organs in the thoracic cavity.
~Pericardial Cavity- The pericardial cavity encases the heart.
Abdominopelvic Cavity- The abdominopelvic cavity is inferior to the thoracic cavity. They are separated by the diaphragm. The abdominopelvic cavity is also made up of subdivisions.
~Abdominal Cavity- The abdominal cavity is superior to the pelvic cavity and contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and some other organs.
~Pelvic Cavity- The pelvic cavity is within the pelvis and includes the bladder, reproductive organs, and the rectum.
Other Cavities
Oral Cavity- The oral cavity contains the teeth and the tongue.
Nasal Cavity- The nasal cavity is located in the posterior of the nose and are divided into right and left portions.
Orbital Cavity- The orbital cavity acts as the house of the eyes and contains the associated skeletal muscles and nerves.
Middle Ear Cavities- The middle ear cavities contain the ossicles (or small bones) that transmit sound vibrations.
Synovial- The synovial contains joint cavities.
Cavity Membranes
There are three different ventral body cavity membranes. Parietal serosa is the membrane that kines internal body walls. Visceral serosa is used to cover the internal organs. Serous fluid separates the two serosae.
Abdominopelvic Regions
Our bodies are divided into 9 different abdominopelvic regions:
- Umbilical region
- Epigastric region
- Hypogastric region
- Right and left iliac (inguinal) regions
- Right and left lumbar regions
- Right and left hypochondriac regions
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Our bodies are divided into 4 abdominopelvic quadrants:
- Right upper quadrant
- Left upper quadrant
- Right lower quadrant
- Left lower quadrant
P.S.- "V" <----this is not a "y" is is a capital "v"
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)